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Campbell's law is an adage developed by Donald T. Campbell:〔Campbell, Donald T., (Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change ) The Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover New Hampshire, USA. December, 1976. 〕 The social science principle of Campbell's law is sometimes used to point out the negative consequences of high-stakes testing in U.S. classrooms.〔(What is Campbell's Law ''Diane Ravich's Blog'' 25 May, 2012 )〕 This may take the form of teaching to the test or outright cheating. An example is ''The High-Stakes Education Rule'' as described in the ''Learning-Disadvantage Gap''.〔http://www.allartsallkids.org/learning_disadvantage_gap.html〕 What Campbell also states in this principle is that "achievement tests may well be valuable indicators of general school achievement ''under conditions of normal teaching aimed at general competence.'' But when test scores become the goal of the teaching process, they both lose their value as indicators of educational status and distort the educational process in undesirable ways. (Similar biases of course surround the use of objective tests in courses or as entrance examinations.)"〔 Campbell's law was published in 1976 by Donald T. Campbell, a social psychologist, an experimental social science researcher and the author of many works on research methodology. == Similar rules == Closely related ideas are known under different names, e.g. Goodhart's law, and the Lucas critique. Another concept related to Campbell's law emerged in 2006 when UK researchers Rebecca Boden and Debbie Epstein published an analysis of evidence-based policy, a practice espoused by Prime Minister Tony Blair. In the paper, Boden and Epstein described how a government that tries to base its policy on evidence can actually end up producing corrupted data because it, "seeks to capture and control the knowledge producing processes to the point where this type of ‘research’ might best be described as ‘policy-based evidence’."〔(Managing the Research Imagination? Globalisation and Research in Higher Education. ''Globalisation, Societies and Education'' )〕 (Boden and Epstein 2006: 226) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Campbell's law」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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